Ch.+31+Key+Terms+and+APPARTS

KEY TERMS AP PARTS
 * **Medicare** & **Medicaid** (1965) - This was part of President Johnson's reform of Social Security. Included health insurance for people over 65.[[image:http://blog.kir.com/archives/medicare.jpg width="144" height="106" align="right"]] [[image:http://lonestarpolitics.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/medicaid.jpg width="144" height="108" align="right"]]
 * **Community Action Program** - An attempt to involve poor people in their own impovershed communities in order to foster improvements.
 * **Office of Economic Opportunity** - Created an array of new educational, employment, housing, and health care opportunities.
 * **The Housing Act** (1961) - Issued by President Kennedy, this measure offered $4.9 billion to preserve open spaces, build mass transit, and subsidize middle income housing.
 * **Immigration Act of 1965** - Provided for a rigorously regulated quota of 170,000 immigrants per year. The policy was impartial to different kinds of immigrants.
 * **Civil Rights Act of 1965** - Banned discrimination in public places, including schools.
 * **Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee** (est. 1960) - This group, which practiced passive resistance in an attempt to acquire civil rights for blacks, was led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
 * **Watts Riot** (1965) - Large riots, fueled by racial tension, broke out in Los Angeles, after a black man, Marquette Frye, [[image:http://www.ahoffman.com/la/images/rubble.jpg width="297" height="294" align="left" caption="Aftermath of the Watts Riot"]]was arrested for drunk driving. The incident sparked 6 days of violence, in which 34 people would be killed, 2,032 would sustain injuries, and 3,952 would be placed under arrest. This level of violence would not be surpassed until the Los Angeles Riots of 1992, following the Rodney King incident.
 * **Bay of Pigs** (1961) - An unsuccessful coup by C.I.A. trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist regime. The failure was embarrassing for the United States and heightened Cold War tensions. [[image:http://www.thegully.com/essays/cuba/cuba_img/bay_of_pigs.jpg width="147" height="124" align="right" caption="Bay of Pigs Invasion"]]
 * **Twenty-Fourth Amendment** (1964) - Made the demand of poll taxes during federal elections illegal.
 * **The Great Society** - President Johnson's domestic policies focused improving the well-being of poor Americans by focusing attention of reform in areas such as health care. The program's success was hampered by the gargantuan cost of the Vietnam War.
 * **Cuban Missile Crisis** (1962) - A showdown between the United States and the U.S.S.R. following C.I.A. reports that missile launch sites were being built in Cuba. America panicked. The navy cordoned off Cuba. The U.S.S.R. eventually backed down after President Kennedy demanded that they do so (an example of //brinkmanship//).
 * **Tet Offensive** (1968) - An offensive attack that led to an increase in American involvement in Vietnam and American protest against the war on the home front. Although American forces beat back the North Vietnamese, the battle was perceived by the American public as a defeat.
 * **Voting Rights Act** (1965) - This measure prohibited the implementation of literacy tests in the south as a method of limiting blacks' civil rights. It was enforced by registrars at voting sites.[[image:http://military.smugmug.com/Vietnam/Vietnam/tetoffensive/64197700_Q95y7-S.jpg width="687" height="351" caption="Soldiers during the Tet Offensive"]]

 // The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan //
 * Author** – Bob Dylan
 * Time & Place** – The album was released by Columbia Records in January 1963.
 * Prior Knowledge** – I have listened to most of Bob Dylan’s music, so I am somewhat familiar with this album’s songs. I am aware that this is the album that this album launched Bob Dylan into fame and celebrity, making him a symbol of the counterculture. Finally, I am familiar with many of the themes which are pervasive in Dylan’s work.[[image:http://www.areavoices.com/attic/images/dylan1.jpg width="216" height="272" align="right" caption="Bob Dylan performing"]]
 * Audience** – //The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan// was embraced by young adults (the baby boomers).
 * Reason** – Dylan’s simple folk style and poignant lyrics encapsulated the emotions of his growing generation. His songs and image became a symbol of their discontent with issues such as racial inequality.
 * Main Idea** – Many of the album’s songs evaluate and respond to the hectic culture of the early 1960’s.
 * Significance** – This albums would establish Bob Dylan as the primary artist for the 1960’s counterculture. His effect on the counterculture could be seen in many groups such as the Weathermen. The Weathermen were a radical organization famous for their bombings of governments institutions. The name the Weathermen is derived from the famous line “you don’t need a weatherman / to know which way the wind blows,” from the Dylan song “Subterranean Homesick Blues.” Although “Subterranean Homesick Blues” is from a 1965 album, this example shows the influence that Dylan’s work had on the left-wing movement of the 1960’s.

// The Feminine Mystique // **Author** – Betty Friedan Prior Knowledge – I know from my class studies that __The Feminine Mystique__ had a monumental impact on 1960’s society, particularly the women’s rights movement.
 * Time & Place** – The book was published on February 25, 1963.
 * Audience** – The book was widely circulated, especially by women, in the early 1960’s and was even translated into many languages for international readers.[[image:http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/pix/friedan_betty_cp_1470702.jpg width="151" height="172" align="right" caption="Betty Friedan"]]
 * Reason** – Friedan’s analysis of women’s role in society was extremely controversial. Her belief that women had been impressed in a patriarchal social system sparked intense debate around the country.
 * Main Idea** – The book’s thesis was that women had always been secretly unhappy with no apparent reason. But now, Friedan has uncovered the reason: society is structured in a manner that relegates women to the inferior roles of housekeepers. She believes that this inferior role has been glamorized into what she calls the feminine mystique. Freidan argues that this mystique limits women’s ability to express themselves and ultimately causes latent problems for society.
 * Significance** – This book had a large impact on people’s perception of society in the 1960s. It is widely regarded as one of the most influential books of the 20th century. This regard is a result of many women becoming discontented with their domestic roles and being encouraged to seek more responsibility, freedom, and equality after reading __The Feminine Mystique__. These desires, in addition to Friedan’s work, would profoundly affect the women’s movement of the 1960s.

"Letter from Birmingham Jail" **Author** – Martin Luther King, Jr.
 * Time & Place** – The letter was composed on April 16, 1963 from a jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama.
 * Prior Knowledge** – I have read this work once before. It is a letter to King’s detractors, written on a newspaper. It was intended to defend King’s reasons for protesting and justify his methods of demonstration.
 * Audience** – “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” was a response to a letter from a group of Alabama clergymen who agreed that racial inequality was unjust, but believed that King’s demonstrations were the wrong way to confront the problem; they believed prejudice should be attacked through the courts. King responds to this letter, but the address is not specific and it was intended to be widely circulated.[[image:http://photos.state.gov/galleries/usinfo-photo/39/civil_rights_07/009-CivilRights.jpg width="150" height="159" align="right" caption="Martin Luther King, Jr. in jail for demonstrating without a permit"]]
 * Reason** – King’s letter contains both a systematic analysis of the crimes against African Americans and an outline of a structured algorithmic approach to battling southern oppression of blacks. King consistently defends his opinions and plans with examples from the Bible, among other sources.
 * Main Idea** – King’s principal focus in this letter is the reasons for and the defense of his tactics. He concentrates on the potential effectiveness of his passive resistant protests. He asserts that these tactics are the appropriate way to attack the bigotry and discrimination that blacks endured in the early 1960s.
 * Significance** – “Letter from Birmingham Jail” was significant because it helped rally support around Martin Luther King, Jr.’s cause. This increase in support was partially a result of his letter’s ability to raise awareness of the injustice of the south’s social system and garner positive attention towards King’s peaceful protests. Less than 5 months after writing this letter, King delivered his timeless “I Have a Dream” speech in our nation’s capital.


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