Expansion+of+Public+Education

Expansion of Public Education in America in the Late Eighteen Hundreds


 * Was set up by Americas increasing need on specialized skills and scientific knowledge
 * The single most profound intellectual development was the acceptance of evolution, also to be associated with Social Darwinism, but was not a major school teaching until the 1960's.
 * In 1860 their were 100 High Schools in America, by 1900 their were 6,000, and finally in 1914 it surpassed 12,000. (which included HHS which was founded in 1911)
 * Compulsory school attendance laws were in effect by 1900 in 31 states and territories.
 * The Freedmans Beareau attempted to educate freed slaves
 * In the 1870's reformers tried to civilize Native Americans by having them attend Hampton Institute.
 * In 1879 Richard Henry Pratt founded Carlisle Indian industrial school in the hopes that Indians would assimilate into white culture to save their own lives.
 * The reform efforts to assimilate the Indians failed because of Indian resistance, inadequate funding, and bad teachers.





Effects of the Morrill Land Grant Act


 * Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College led a reform movement to get the legislature of Illinois to pass a bill that would help the creation of agrarian colleges.
 * On February 8, 1853, the Illinois legislature adopted a resolution, drafted by Turner, calling for the Illinois congressional delegation to work to enact a land-grant bill to fund a system of industrial colleges, one in each state.
 * Eventually a similar bill was put into play by Justin Smith Morrill, a representative of Vermont.
 * The original Morrill act was vetoed by President James Buchanan.
 * After states-that-did-not-favor-the-bill seceded, Morrill sent a new Land Grant Act Bill that did pass
 * Under the act, each eligible state (not including territories that were not yet states and also not including confederate states) received a total of 30,000 Acres of Federal Land to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions.
 * Eventually every state got to take some federal land after the civil war was over.
 * In the final four decades of the nineteenth century 69 land grant institutions were established.;
 * Overall, the 1862 Morrill Act allocated 17,400,000 acres (70,000 km2) of land, which when sold yielded a collective endowment of $7.55 million.



Education for Women
 * High Schools accepted women; however colleges and universities did not often allow women into their colleges.
 * Several land grant institutions became coeducational for both women and men.
 * The Major driving force for Women education was "The Female College".