Ch.24+AP+Parts+&+Vocab.

__Vocabulary__ __Recession of 1923__  – A minor recession during the title year. After it ended the American economy skyrocketed. __Radio__ – Technology that became popular during the 1920’s due to improvements (ie, it became able to transmit sound over medium distances). __Reginald Fessenden__ – Made the improvements to the radio. Theory of modulation. __Vannevar Bush__ – MIT researcher who created the first analog computer. __Howard Aiken__ – Improved the computer to point it could multiply 11 digit numbers in 3 seconds. __Gregor Mendel__ – Catholic Monk who performed experiments on the hybridization of vegetables. Revealed the way in which genes were arranged on a chromosome. __U.S. Steel__ – The nation’s largest corporation. __General Motors__ – the largest automobile corporation and 5th largest American corporation during the 1920’s. __William Durant__ – Founder of GM, ran the business on a ‘personal management’ style. __Alfred P. Sloan__– Created the modern management system that made it easier for GM to manage its subsidiaries. __Trade Association__ – A national organization created by various members of an industry to encourage coordination in production and marketing techniques. __Welfare Capitalism__ – Type of management where employees are treated well and given benefits. Technique used to eliminate unionism. __Henry Ford__ – Employed the welfare Capitalism theory, gave higher than usual wages and instituted paid vacations. __Company Unions__ – unions that were created by individual corporations and had essentially no power. __American Federation of Labor__ – Union that was dedicated to organizing workers based on skills. __William Green__ – President of the AFL, was committed to peaceful cooperation with employers. __Pink-Collar jobs__ – Low paying service occupation jobs designated for women. __Great Migration__ – The migration of African Americans from the rural south to the north after 1914. __The Brotherhood for Sleeping Car Porters__ – A virtually all-black union dedicated to protecting black rights, founded in 1925. __A. Philip Randolph__ – The leader of the Brotherhood for Sleeping Car Porters. __Issei__– Japanese immigrants __Nisei__ – Japanese American-born children. __Open Shop__ – a business in which joining a union was not an option. __American Plan__ – The name for the crusade for open shop. __Parity__ – A complicated formula that ensured farmers would earn back least their production costs. __McNary-Haugen Bill__ – the bill that led the fight for parity, was passed by the houses twice, but vetoed by Coolidge both times. __N. W. Ayer and J. Walter Thompson__ – the first advertising and public relations companies. //__The Man Nobody Knows__// – One of the most popular books of the 1920’s, written by advertising executive Bruce Barton. //__The Jazz Singer__// – the first movie with sound, starring Al Johnson. __Motion Pictures Association__ – A trade association that hired to former post-master general Will Hays to head it, imposed standards on films. __Will Hays__ – Former post-master general and head of the MPA, used his powers broadly to impose conformity on films for years. __KDKA__ – The first commercial radio station in America, founded in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania in 1920. __National Broadcasting Company__ – The first national radio network, which was formed in 1927. __Henry Emerson Fosdick__ – The most influential spokesman for liberal Protestantism, was the pastor of Riverside Church in New York. //__Abundant Religion__// – The 1926 book by Fosdick which argued that Christianity “furnish an inward spiritual dynamic for radiant and triumphant living.” __John B. Watson__ – The leader of the new behaviorist sect of psychologists. __The “Compassionate Marriage”__ – an ideology that sparked women spending more time with the friends of her husband, her devoting more attention to cosmetics and fashion, her being less willing for children to come between her husband and herself, and using sex as the ‘culmination of romantic love.’ __Margaret Sanger__ – the pioneer of the birth control movement. __The National Women’s__ __Party__ – group that pushed for the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment. __League of Women Voters__ – response to the women suffrage victory. __Sheppard-Towner Act__ – An act passed by congress that provided federal funds to states to establish pre-natal and child healthcare programs. Terminated in 1929. __The ‘Lost Generation’__ – A description of the youth during the WWI era. //__A Farewell to Arms__// – A successful novel by Ernst Hemmingway that expressed the new generation’s contempt for the war (WWI). __‘Debunkers’__ – Critics of the modern (1920) society, which included journalist H. L. Mencken. Famous authors of the time: ·  F. Scott Fitzgerald. · Ernst Hemingway. · Lewis. · Thomas Wolfe. · John Dos Passos. · Ezra Pound. · T.S. Elliot. · Gertrude Stein. · Edna Ferber. · Willa Cather. · William Faulkner. · Eugene O’ Neill.

__John Dewey __ – Intellectual who advocated reform and kept alive the philosophical tradition of pragmatism and appealed for practical education. __The Harlem Renaissance__ – A flourishing of African-American culture in New York. __The Cotton Club__ – A famous nightclub featuring many great jazz musicians. __Langston Hughes__ – An African American poet who became very famous. __Alan Locke__ – a leader of the Harlem Renaissance who assembled a collection of African American writings and published them together in 1925 in an anthology called //The New Negro//. __Prohibition__  – The barring of sale and manufacture of alcohol, went into effect in January 1920. Known for a time as the “Noble Experiment.” __The National Immigration Act of 1924__ – The act banned immigration from East Asia entirely. //__The Birth of a Nation__// – A movie by D. W. Griffith that glorified the first KKK. __John T. Scopes__ – A Tennessee educator who agreed to have himself arrested to test the severity of the Tennessee law prohibiting the instruction of anti-Bible ideology (ie, evolution theory) in publicly funded schools. __Teapot Dome Scandal__ - A scandal involving the rich oil reservers in Teapot Dome, Wyoming in which Albert B. Fall accepted bribes from local businessmen. __Andrew Mellon__ - Secretary of the Treasury, Mellon was a wealthy steel and aluminum tycoon who devoted himself to working for substantial tax reductions on corporate and personal incomes and inheritances. __Herbert Hoover__ - Commerce Secretary, Hoover encouraged voluntary cooperation in the private sector as the best avenue to stability. Elected president in 1928.  __Documents__ **__TITLE:__** //The Great Gatsby// __**AUTHOR:**__ F. Scott Fitzgerald

__**PLACE AND TIME:**__ In 1925 Fitzgerald published the //Great Gatsby// while he lived in Europe, but likely wrote it while living in the states. __**AUDIENCE:**__ Fitzgerald wanted everyone to read his works as he was constantly in debt, though the piece is probably geared toward the growing metropolitan areas. __**REASON:**__ To voice opposition to the then-current state of affairs in the United States.  
 * __PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:__** The book is a social commentary on the decadence and consumerism of the 1920's, which Fitzgerald did not like as he was a part of the "Lost Generation" of writers.
 * __THE MAIN IDEA:__** Americans were guilty of perpetuating the cycle of materialism that was becoming wide-spread in the 1920's, when all this materialism would do is ruin their lives.
 * __SIGNIFICANCE:__** This piece clearly demonstrates the feelings of the Lost Generation of writers and intellectuals. Though it sold an average amount of copies, Fitzgerald was not awarded the amount of acclaim that he had thought he was going to recieve, which probably only intensified his resentment of society, just as it led to his increased drinking.

__**AUTHOR:**__ General Motors
 * __TITLE:__** General Motors advertisement

__**PLACE AND TIME:**__ Published during the 1920's in a magazine distributed in many high caliber cities. __**AUDIENCE:**__ An advertiser wants everyone to see their ads. The GM advertisers were also trying to expand their business, so everyone, even those who were not literate, were targeted. __**REASON:**__ To show everyone in the __world__ GM's wares.
 * __PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:__** GM was a car company that had to find a new managment type, and succeded in doing so thanks to Alfred P. Sloan, that would make expansion a possibility.
 * __THE MAIN IDEA:__** So many people already invest in GM and GM benefits so many other businesses, BUY FROM US!
 * __SIGNIFICANCE:__** This advertisement shows the changed from today's advertising type. Back then straight facts were given, what the company has done, today they show what might possibly happen.

__AUTHOR:__** Owen Wister
 * [[image:Virginian.jpg width="223" height="337" align="left"]]__TITLE:__ //The Virginian//

__**PLACE AND TIME:**__ First published in 1902, is set in the Wild West, which Wister was enamored with. __**AUDIENCE:**__ All the literate people of the United States. __**REASON:**__ Wister was puportedly in love with the west after a hiking trip and wanted to show the clash of his two cultures.
 * __PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:__** The West was an unruly place that was overtaken with failed farms and cattle ranching.
 * __THE MAIN IDEA:__** Both sides of the Mason-Dixon line will have to make concessions to coalesce into a peaceful, coherent nation.
 * __SIGNIFICANCE:__** This novel is one of the first novels that truly demonstrate a "romatic" look at the West.