Chapter+7+Vocabbulary

__Vocab__ **Documents w/APPARTS**
 * __**Louisiana Purchase**__- acquisition byt the U.S. of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. It Conatained land west of the Mississippi RIver including New Orleans and it also doubled the size of the U.S. There was also a problem with it because Jefferson didn't know if the constitution allowed him to acquire land.
 * __**Thomas Jefferson**__ - 3rd U.S. president and one of the principal authors of the Declaration of Independence and was one of the founding fathers. He's mostly known for his promotion of ideals of republicanism in the U.S. He envisioned the U.S. as an agrarian country.
 * __**Napoleon Bonaparte**__- military and political leader of France and emperor.
 * __**Strict Interpretetion of Constitution**__- refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretetion that limits or restricts judicial interpretetion, close or narrow reading of the Constitution. Known as a form of conservatism.
 * __**Lewis and Clark expedition**__- first overland expedition undertaken byt the U.S. to the pacific coast and back. It's goal was to gain accurate sense of the resources being exchanged in the Louisiana Purchase . This expedition led to expansion.
 * __**John Marshall**__ - American Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835 who shaped the constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. He established judicial review.
 * __**Marbury v. Madison**__- landmark case that established judicial review. It was the First time something was declared unconstitutional.
 * __**Neutrality**__- the legal status arising from the absention of a state from all participation in a war between other countries, impartiality towards the belligerents.
 * __**Impressment-**__ act or policy of seizing people or property for government use. In this case the British captured American sailors and took them.
 * //__**Chesapeake-Leopard Affair**__//- American frigate //The Chesapeake// was attacked by the Birtish warship //HMS Leopard// while being off the coast of Norkfolk. //The Leopard// demanded to search the //Chesapeake// for deserters but they refused so the //Leopard// started firing.
 * __**Embargo Act of 1807**__- stopped trade between the U.S. and all other nations. Its goal was make Britain and France to stop restricting American trade.
 * __**James Madison**__- uth president of the U.S. and considered one of the Founding Fathers. Wrote most of the Federalist Papers and came up with the system of checks and balances. Also led to the nation to the War of 1812.
 * __**Nonintercourse Act of 1809**__- was passed during Jefferson's last days with the goal of lifting all the embargoes and only leaving the ones on Britain and France. It damaged U.S. economy and led to the War of 1812.
 * __**Macon's Bill No2**__- was used to persuade Britain and France to stop American trade restrictions.It stated that if one country lfited their restrictions and the other failed to do so within a certain amount of time, the U.S. would revive the restrictions of the non-intercourse act on that country.
 * __**William Henry Harrison**__- was the 9th president and a military officer during the War of 1812 and also led American forces at the famous Battle of Tippecanoe. He was the first president to die in office which rose the problem of presidential succession.
 * __**War of 1812**__ - war between Britain and America after British restrictions to impede trade with France. The British were also helping out the Indians who were attacking the western settlements of the U.S.
 * __**Great Awakening**__ - was a period of great religious revival that saw widespread Christian evangelism and many conversions. It influenced social phases such as abolotionism, prohibition and prison reform. This period also saw the birth of the Mormoms, growth of the Methodist and Baptist.
 * __**Henry Clay**__- Kentucky senator and a major warhawk. He advocated the American System and higher tariffs and played a great role in compromising during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue.
 * __**John C. Calhoun**__- leading politician from South Carolina who advocated nullification,protective tariffs, limited government and state's rights.
 * __**Warhawks**__- originally used to describe those member of congress who advocated war against Britain. Later it was used as a term to describe a very aggressive political stance almost to the use of military power.
 * __**Andrew Jackson**__ - 7th president and also a military governor of Florida territory and commander of the forces during the Battle of New Orleans. His ways of campaigning and his ambitions shaped the modern Democratic party. American frontier president and an antislavery president. His term was most famously known for his fight against Calhoun in the Nullification Crisis and his use of the spoils system.
 * __**Battle Of Horseshoe Bend**__- battle in Alabama during the Creek War in which a group of American and Indian allies were led by Jackson against the Creek tribe under Tecumseh. Marked an end to the little war.
 * __**Battle of New Orleans**__- final major battle of the War of 1812. Forces led by Jackson attacked the British who intended to capture the port of New Orleans but the Treaty Of Ghent had already been signed but the news never got to Jackson.
 * __**Treaty of Ghent-**__ peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The treaty returned all prisoners, land war and boats to their owner and it also created an Indian buffer zone in Ohio and Michigan.
 * __**Hartford Convention**__- secret gathering in which the New England colonies refused to go to war where it got to the point where they thought about succession. This marked the end of the Federalist party.
 * __**Thomas MacDonough-**__ was an early-19th-century American naval officer. He was part of a small group of officers who served during the first barbary war. He is mostly known for his command on the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain during the War of 1812.
 * __**Francis Scott Key and the Star Spangled Banner**__- author of the Star Spangled Banner which is the national Anthem. The song was written while Scott was trapped in Fort McHenry.
 * __**Aaron Burr**__- 3rd vice president under Jefferson who fought during the Revolutionary War. He and Hamilton were long-time rivals and once when Burr got tired of his criticism he challenged Hamilton to a duel in which he fatally wounded him. He was charged with murder which ended his political career and the death of Hamilton weaken the Federalist Party. He later was tried for treason for attempting to form his own monarchy know as the Burr Conspiracy and went into exile in Europe.

**Title**: "A Convention: Between the United States of America and the French Republic"
 * Author**: Many people, for example Robert Livingston; the document was a treaty
 * Place and Time:** April 30, 1803
 * Prior Knowledge**: It would be helpful to know what the Louisiana Purchase exactly was and why the US wanted to buy it. For example, knowledge of Napoleon's current situation with his empire and why Thomas Jefferson would be interested in buying such a large mass of land.
 * Audience**: This document was not intended for a mass audience, it was for the governors of both countries. The language is meant to convey the specifics of the treaty. Obviously, it is not written for common enjoyment, but for an educated audience of politicians.
 * Reason**: To convey to both parties the specifics and finality of purchasing and selling the Louisiana Territory.
 * Main Idea**: France is going to sell the United States the very large Louisiana territory for $15 million, stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, including New Orleans.
 * Significance**: This document gave the United States a huge amount of territory and natural resources to expand into and colonize, establishing new parts of the nation. It also established an important precedent for expansion of territory.

**Title:** None specifically, seems to be a simple charter
 * Author**: Francis Asbury
 * Prior Knowledge**: Prior knowledge tat would be helpful in interpreting this document would be who Francis Asbury is and what his role in history and the Jeffersonian era was, knowing his job as bishop of the Methodist-Episcopal church, and being familiar with the state of religion around his time.
 * Place and Time:** April 25, 1791
 * Audience**: This document is written for the clergy and those administrating their activity, therefore its language is higher-level than something written for common folk. The clergy was the highest-educated class of the time.
 * Reason:** To select Stephen G. Roitzel as a deacon of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, which was headed in part by Francis Asbury.
 * Main Idea:** This man is to be ordained as a deacon of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, under the authority of God and Francis Asbury.
 * Significance:** This document shows the way that churches around the Jeffersonian era operated and how people were selected for positions in the church. It is an inside look at the church's inner workings.


 * Title**: No title, it is a letter to the educated child of former slaves Benjamin Banneker
 * Author**: Thomas Jefferson
 * Place and Time**: August 30, 1791
 * Prior Knowledge**: Prior knowledge which would be helpful when reading this letter would be Banneker's circumstances and reasons for writing this letter, and the current state of blacks in the union. Knowledge of Jefferson's social state, such as his ownership of slaves, would also be significant.
 * Audience**: The letter was written to an educated man in Banneker. Therefore, Jefferson uses language and terminology corresponding to that and addresses Banneker as an educated man.
 * Reason**: To thank Banneker for sending Jefferson an almanac, and to respond to his query about the continued social inequality of blacks and whites in America.
 * Main Idea**: Jefferson acknowledges the equality of blacks and whites intellectually, and asserts that he wishes to see a system which provides greater equality to the two races. **Significance**: This document establishes Jefferson's views as non-racist, and understanding toward both races. He puts the equal pursuit of education before the animosity of races.