Chapter+19+Key+Terms++2+Documents++APARTS

Rutherford B. Hayes - Hayes was elected president in the election of 1796. Although losing the popular vote to his opponent Samuel Tilden, Hayes won by 1 electoral vote. Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission.

Patronage - Informal practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward.

Election of 1880 - The republican party nominated James A. Garfield and the democrates elected Winfield S. Hancock and the third party Greenback labor party selected James B. Weaver. The campaign yielded little discussion on the hard issues. Both major parties tip-toed around the currency issue, avoided civil service reform, supported immigration restriction and hefty pensions for Civil War veterans. Only on the tariff did they differ; the Republicans supported high protective duties and the Democrats a tariff for revenue only. Garfield won.

James A. Garfield - Was the 20th president of the United States. He was assassinated 6 months after his inauguration. Chester A. Arthur - He was the vice president in the 1880's election for the republican party. He became president after Garfield was assassinated.

Pendleton Act of 1883 - The Pendleton Act, also known as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, was passed by the US Congress in 1883. It prohibited hiring, in the federal government, to be done based on the spoils system

Election of 1884 - featured excessive mudslinging and personal acrimony. On November 4, 1884, New York Governor Grover Cleveland narrowly defeated Republican former United States Senator James G. Blaine of Maine to become the first Democrat elected President since the election of 1856.

Gilded Age - refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain.

Grover Cleveland - was the 22nd and 224th President. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). and was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. As a leader of the Bourbon Democrats, he opposed imperialism taxes, subsidies and inflationary policies. As a reformer he also worked against corruption, patronage, and bossism.Grover Cleveland (Presidency)

Mckinley Tariff - set the average ad valorem tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48.4%, and protected manufacturing. Greenback Party - was an American political party with an antimonopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks," that had been issued during the American Civil War and afterward. The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a coin-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor.​The Greenback Party

Grangers - A coalition of farmers who grouped up together to fight the railroads monopolistic practices in the 1870's.

Farmers Alliance - an organized agrarian economic movement amongst U.S farmers that flourished in the 1880s. One of its goals was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the Civil War. First formed in 1876 in Lampasas, Texas the Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers. The movement was strongest in the South, and was widely popular before it was destroyed by the power of commodity brokers.

Depression of 1893 - a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and a railroad bubble was a run on the gold supply and a policy of using both gold and silver metals as a peg for the US Dollar value.

Coxey's Army - was a protest march by unemployed workers, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They demanded that the government create jobs. Crime of '73 - was enacted by congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation years later labeled this measure the 'Crime of 73".

Whistle stopping - to make a tour especially in a political campaign with many brief personal appearances in small communities

Election of 1896 - Republican William Mckinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. It was considered to be the first modern election.

William Jennings Bryan - was the democratic nominee for the 1896 election for his golden cross speach at the democratic convention. He was a lawyer and the 41st Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson. William Mckinley - was a national Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his Mckinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluarlism among ethnic groups. His campaign, designed by Mark Hanna, introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 election is often considered a realigning election that marked the beginning of the Progressive Era.

Gold Standard Act of 1900 - The Gold Standard Act was passed in 1900 (ratified on March 14) and established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism, which had allowed silber in exchange for gold. It was signed by President William Mckinley.

Populist Party - was a short-lived political party in the late 19th century. The party did not remain a lasting feature most probably because it had been so closely identified with the free silver movement which was not meaningful for urban voters. Currency ceased to become a major issue as the U.S came out of the recession of the 1890s

Title: Objects of the Alliance Author: Ben H. Clover Place and Time: was written in Kansas on July 4th, 1889 Previous Knowledge: The railroads where charging the farmers a rediculous amount of money to transport their crops to the cities and they sometimes charged them to store it too. Farmers were starting to join together to fight for laws to protect them from monopolistic railroad companies. Audience: Farmers Reason: Urge farmers to join the alliances Main Point: Join the Alliance and we will take care of you Significance: It shows farmers taking an active role in trying to better the average working class laborer

Title: The Principles of Populism Author: James E. Doom Place and Time: was written in Oklahoma on september 30, 1898 Previous Knowledge: the gap between the rich and the poor is increasing Audience: the President Reason: to inform the president about the gap between the rich and poor Main Point: the president needs to help the poor more and the rich less Significance: telling the president that people will strike/riot/revolt etc. if they have to live in misery for much longer